Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TV - Essay Example In the end, this lead to digital TV programming where individuals really paid for satellite TV to keep away from the low quality programming running on the standard TV. Satellite TV writing computer programs was concocted after certain times of digital TV programming. During the virus war time, the principal satellite of DirecTV and Dish Network started into space. This had an elevated level of value programming. Without this innovation of DirecTV and Dish Network, there would have been no understanding of top quality programming in the current period. This is because of the absence of capacity and innovation for link programming to give superior quality programming. Along these lines the headways in the broadcast business were enormously helped by DirecTV and the Dish Network. Sports writing computer programs is being lead by DirecTV and the films zone is being lead by the Dish Network. These two goliath TV programming enterprises have left a mark on the world in the broadcast business alongside numerous future unfurls staying to be uncovered (Recent Technological Advancements in Television, 2012). The creation of TV has developed itself from a highly contrasting mode to a shading mode with 42 inch plasma screens and sound. The development of TV includes numerous individuals and has a long course of events included yet the principal individual to consider making something like TV was a genuine pioneer. The TV history lies with Philo Farnsworth. Philo was an American designer and considered transmission of picture when he was just 14 years of age. In 1927, he was the main individual to develop and transmit a picture on TV. The picture was transmitted on the TV by means of a dissector tube ((Wyckoff, 2008) Besides, the creation of mechanical TV was concocted in the year 1884 by Paul Nipkow. He built up an innovation of pivoting circle that permitted pictures to be transmitted over the wire. This was the principal regularly checking framework in the zones of

s Message Through Candide.

of other extraordinary personalities and cutting edge thought. From the beginning of the book as far as possible of the book there is a hidden idea in the reader’s mind that Voltaire isn’t a huge aficionado of the congregation. He delineates strict men, for example, priests and ministers, as wolves in sheep's clothing that don’t even satisfy the religion that they guarantee to have confidence in and practice. In any case, there is more. Voltaire depicts the congregation as one of the most degenerate, exploitative, brutality ridden puts on the whole planet. He accepted that God made the earth, sure, yet the individuals and their ruthlessness towards each other is the central point in what shields this world from being anything near great. This is actually where Voltaire conflicts with different logicians of this time. Alexander Pope, for instance, accepted that each person is a piece of a more prominent, normal, amazing structure of god. Just, Voltaire believed that this conviction stripped man of his choice. Hostile to war assessment is high in the book Candide, which starts to a great extent from his encounters in the Seven Years War. Not exclusively is he against war,... 's Message Through Candide. Free Essays on Voltaire's Message Through Candide. Voltaire’s Message through Candide In the book Candide by Voltaire, there are numerous topics that radiate through the pages of diversion through dreary interpretation. The principle subject of Candide spins around the critical view that Voltaire had of this world all in all. Though a scholar, for example, Leibniz accepted that this Earth was the most ideal world with impeccable request and reason, Voltaire accepted something else. He accepted that the world was not the most ideal of each of the ones and that mishap and chance assume a significant job. Beside this there are numerous different topics in the book, for example, strict discontent, hostile to war feeling, and his conviction that the world is a long way from an ideal world. Similarly numerous rationalists of a similar time contrast to a great extent in their perspective on the world, and in the accompanying sections the message of Candide will be contrasted with the expressions of other extraordinary personalities and advanced idea. From the beginning of the book as far as possible of the book there is a basic idea in the reader’s mind that Voltaire isn’t an enormous fanatic of the congregation. He delineates strict men, for example, priests and ministers, as wolves in sheep's clothing that don’t even satisfy the religion that they guarantee to trust in and practice. In any case, there is more. Voltaire depicts the congregation as one of the most degenerate, deceptive, viciousness ridden puts on the whole planet. He accepted that God made the earth, sure, yet the individuals and their fierceness towards each other is the central point in what shields this world from being anything near great. This is actually where Voltaire conflicts with different logicians of this time. Alexander Pope, for instance, accepted that each person is a piece of a more prominent, discerning, terrific plan of god. Essentially, Voltaire felt that this conviction stripped man of his unrestrained choice. Hostile to war opinion is high in the book Candide, which begins generally from his encounters in the Seven Years War. Not exclusively is he against war,...

The Value of Believing You Get What You Pay For

The Value of Believing You Get What You Pay For Choosing Value Last week I received a call from a marketing executive in Switzerland who wanted assistance with an important cover letter. He had found me on LinkedIn and chosen my company over three others. With excitement in his voice, he explained to me that as a marketer, he was fascinated by his own behavior in deciding upon The Essay Expert: He chose us because we were the most expensive company. In a similar phenomenon, for many months I had been frustrated that people were landing on my professional bio page and calling me about the service, but not purchasing. I considered removing bios from my offerings, but first decided to try raising my rates. Lo and behold, people started buying bios more often! I got the sense that they trusted they would get a better product and perhaps something they couldn’t write themselves. Of course, people do not always choose to buy the most expensive option in front of them. Different consumers have different budgets, and some people simply can’t afford to purchase more pricey goods and services. In fact, the same week I was contacted by the client from Switzerland, I also heard from a client who wanted to pay $500 for services that would normally go for $1700 according to my normal pricing. He simply could not afford my rates. And although I sympathized with his situation, I was not able to work with him and keep within my business model. Pricing Psychology If it’s true that “you get what you pay for,” expectations are set by price, and regardless of the actual product or service delivered, a consumer will value it according to what he or she paid for it. Studies have shown that people expect a positive correlation between price and quality (e.g., Rao and Monroe, 1989). In a 2008 study about wine enjoyment by Goldstein et. al., consumers who did not know the price of the wine they were drinking did not like more expensive wine better; but when they were told they were drinking a more expensive wine, they gave the wine higher ratings. It seems our brains actually play tricks on us to make us appreciate things more when we pay more money for them! This doesn’t mean that we can charge high prices and then deliver a shoddy result. If someone pays a high price for something and is disappointed, she might be even more upset than if she had paid lessâ€"although not necessarily! I have learned that people looking for a deal are often more demanding than those willing to pay for value. Choosing Clients My Swiss client was clearly guided by the phenomenon of expecting value for value. And he knew the value he wanted: the confidence that would come from having a clearly written, persuasive letter, in solid English, stating his commitment and qualifications for transitioning from the corporate to the non-profit world. He was my ideal client. He requested to pay a rush fee for a quick turnaround. He partnered with us fully in the project. And when we delivered the letter, he told us we had exceeded his expectations. In return, I was happy and willing to go the extra mile for him and give him the modifications he needed at 11pm U.S. Central time on a Friday night. He has already purchased additional services. The price-averse potential client, on the other hand, was not my ideal client. He presented with a complex situation that would have required more work than the average executive service, yet even at $1700 he would have been paying mid-level rates. Having been out of work for a year, I believe he was looking for a result that I could not guarantee: a job. For him, I believe confidence in putting his best foot forward might not have been enough, and I was concerned that he might come back asking for a refund of his $500. Every business owner when setting pricing must make a decision about what type of clients they want to target: Do you want those who are looking for a deal and will say yes because you offer one? Or those who want to pay for value and will appreciate your products and services in part because they paid top dollar for them? There is no right answer to which type of client to attract, but for me, I choose the latter. That’s my win-win and I am prepared to live up to my value proposition.

Barbourofelis - Facts and Figures

Name: Barbourofelis (Greek for Barbours cat); pronounced BAR-bore-oh-FEE-liss Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (10-8 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to six feet long and 250 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; long canine teeth; plantigrade posture About Barbourofelis The most notable of the barbourofelids--a family of prehistoric cats perched midway between the nimravids, or false saber-toothed cats, and the true saber-tooths of the felidae family--Barbourofelis was the only member of its breed to colonize late Miocene North America. This sleek, muscular predator possessed some of the largest canines of any saber-toothed cat, true or false, and it was correspondingly hefty, the largest species weighing in at about the size of a modern lion (though more heavily muscled). Intriguingly, Barbourofelis seems to have walked in a plantigrade fashion (that is, with its feet flat on the ground) rather than in a digitigrade fashion (on its toes), in this respect making it seem more like a bear than a cat! (Oddly enough, one of the contemporary animals that competed with Barbourofelis for prey was Amphicyon, the bear dog). Given its odd gait and enormous canines, how did Barbourofelis hunt? As far as we can tell, its strategy was similar to that of its later, heavier cousin Smilodon, aka the Saber-Toothed Tiger, which lived in Pleistocene North America. Like Smilodon, Barbourofelis whiled away its time in the low branches of trees, pouncing suddenly when a tasty bit of prey (like the prehistoric rhino Teleoceras and the prehistoric elephant Gomphotherium) approached. As it landed, it dug its sabers deep into the hide of its unfortunate victim, which (if it didnt die immediately) gradually bled to death as its assassin stalked close behind. (As with Smilodon, the sabers of Barbourfelis may occasionally have broken off in combat, which would have deadly consequences for both predator and prey.) Although there are four separate species of Barbourofelis, two are better known than the others. The slightly smaller B. loveorum (about 150 pounds) has been discovered as far afield as California, Oklahoma and especially Florida, while B. fricki, discovered in Nebraska and Nevada, was about 100 pounds heavier. One odd thing about B. loveorum, which is especially well represented in the fossil record, is that the juveniles apparently lacked fully functional saber teeth, which may (or may not) imply that newborns received a few years of tender parental care before venturing out alone into the wild. Telling against this parental-care hypothesis, though, is that Barbourofelis had a much smaller brain, relative to its body size, than modern big cats, and so may not have been capable of this kind of sophisticated social behavior.

Great Rulers and What Makes Them Successful Essay

Great Rulers and What Makes Them Successful What makes a great ruler? Several great powers in history including Cyrus of Persia, T’ai-tsung, the Duke of Valentine, and Agathocles will be analyzed in order to attempt to answer this question. Based on three readings, these questions will be answered: 1. What are the personal qualities of Cyrus and T’ai-tsung? What is it about these personal qualities that made them successful rulers? 2. How does Machiavelli portray the Duke of Valentine and Agathocles? Does he consider them good or bad rulers? Why? 3. Compare and contrast Machievelli’s concept of an effective ruler with the depictions of Cyrus and T’ai-tsung. 4. Which ruler do you†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everyone agrees that he was absolutely remarkable for doing services to those whom he made friends of and knew to be true to him and considered able to help him in doing whatever job was on hand†, and â€Å"Of course it is well known that he treated with exceptional distinction all those who showed ability for war† (Xenophon, 41). This was great motivation for his subordinates to do good deeds and work hard. Cyrus always had a powerful army too, â€Å"there was never any lack of people who were willing to risk their lives when they thought that Cyrus would get to know of it† (Xenophon, 41). â€Å"Consequently it was said that Cyrus got the best officers for any kind of job† (Xenophon, 41). He was very generous to the friends he held dear to him. When doing favors for friends he considered â€Å"what each individual was like and what, to his knowledge, he needed most† (Xenophon, 41). Th is showed he cared about his friends. Cyrus picked very reliable people, â€Å"For when he died every one of his friends and table-companions died fighting for him† (Xenophon, 41). Overall, people wanted to please Cyrus. His subordinates were not scared by harsh punishments into doing their duty, yet motivated to do it very well. These combinations of Cyrus’s personality made him a person people wanted to impress and gain respect from. Emporor T’ai-tsung also had unique qualities which made him a successfulShow MoreRelatedMachiavellian Rulers Are Focused on War in Machiavelli’s The Prince1077 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† brought up some controversial characteristics on what a Machiavellian ruler is. The characteristic that was most stressed was that â€Å"A prince must have no other objective, no other thought, nor take up any profession but that of war.†(Machiavelli 37). With a main focus on the art of war a ruler can protect the state he governs from attacks against him and his state. Machiavelli offers us an analogy to prove the importance of war. He speaks of two men: one armed and one unarmedRead MoreSimilarities Between Absolutism And Democracy1729 Words   |  7 Pageswould be peace within the society. The ruler should have all power to run the government, to determine all laws, and be in charge of the church for the sake of civil society. Hobbes states,†The power of the government must be absolute (complete, total) in order to keep men in check, and in order to force them by fear of punishment to treat each other kindly.† Thomas Hobbes political view was that all members of society must submit to one absolute ruler in order to maintain peace, the obedienceRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Ruler?1411 Words   |  6 Pages What constitutes a good ruler? Is it someone that listens ? Or, perhaps someone that gets everything right? Is a ruler someone that gets things wrong sometimes? Does he listen and learn from his mistakes? 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He has inspired people since the day he started ruling. What is inspirational about Alexander the Great is that he inspired his troops to the point thatRead MoreDiffering Veiws of Liberty and Freedom from Machiavelli and Hobbes1828 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty and freedom are central topics that both Machiavelli and Hobbes touch upon as authors of their individual works. While both authors feel that the idea of liberty and freedom is directly tied to politics, rulers and government, the way they associate these ideas with each other is very differ ent. Machiavelli has several different definitions of liberty. Ultimately however, he believes that liberty is a right that the public obtains and that the republic is a state of government in which changeRead MoreThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 Pagesviews on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions are to ensure a new ruler can take control of new lands and maintain order in them for the sake of conquering and expandingRead More Platos The Republic and Aristophanes The Birds Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesunorganized society that lacks the substance to make it a workable society. I would much rather live in the organized Republic to the unorganized Cloudcuckooland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The underlying philosophy of the Republic was based on the community and not the individual. There are three classes in The Republic, one no more important than the other. They are the Rulers, Auxiliaries or soldiers, and the rest of the people, such as Merchants, Carpenters, and Laborers. What I especially like, is that the class oneRead More The prince Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† attempts to explain the necessary tactics and required knowledge a ruler must attain in order to gain and maintain a successful reign. The novel serves as an abstract manual, addressing the definition of a good/bad ruler by placing emphasis on the required military organization, the character a ruler must posses, and the success that could be attained if a ruler should follow the guide. The scope in which the book is written is that of a scholarly observant. Machiavelli

Does Patriotism Still Matter Free Essays

Does Patriotism still Matter? Ah! You ask me,† Does patriotism still matter? † Well of course patriotism still matters! When you think of all of the love you receive for yourself, shouldn’t you apply that similar love to your country? I could definitely dig out a few explanations. Well first of all, without patriotism we wouldn’t have peace or stability. A good supportive foundation wouldn’t hurt, but bring healing to our soldiers who risk their lives to sacrifice themselves for the love, or patriotism, for their country. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Patriotism Still Matter? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, during a present war, without patriotism, what is left in this world to support! Pretty much everything that our world is revolving around is war. Lastly, the peace and stability for one’s country is provided by their citizens who show their true patriotism. Second of all, a country without patriotism is like a dog without an owner. When a pup is hungry, an owner’s duty is to feed it, right? Well it’s the same with a country, because when a country is empty for patriotism it’s our duty to feed it with patriotism! What kind of a country would it be without the symbol of patriotism? We would be a stray! On top of that, countries are supposed to be united! Patriotism keeps countries together like a family. Being patriotic helps us recollect those who have lost their lives battling and fighting for the rights we own today. Just think, â€Å"What if I had family who fought and lost their life fighting for me? † Think back in history, even during the civil war when to regions of the U. S. were bludgeoning each other for the right of freedom of slavery. One of the most famous Generals, Stonewall Jackson, was killed fighting for his region. Patriotism is what held him up to lead up to his death. He was confident and patriotism motivated him. Or what about Major General Howe who lost his life in the Battle of Bunker Hill? He also was physically and emotionally motivated by patriotism. Okay, I think that I have specified my hypothesis. The answer to the question, is patriotism still important, is strictly, yes! Patriotism plays a major role in modern society and is one of the main components in our political office. All I know is, I love my country like hot fudge on ice cream! How to cite Does Patriotism Still Matter?, Essay examples

Case Study Union and Auto Parts Essay Example For Students

Case Study Union and Auto Parts Essay The purpose of this problem is to familiarize students with the negotiation of a labor contract The problem is strictly a hypothetical one and does not pertain to any actually management or union. It is designed to test in a practical way the students understanding of the issues of collective bargaining studied during the semester and the strategy of the bargaining process. The following constitutes the case on Which demands Will be based and Which provides the framework for the negotiations. Read it very carefully to size up the situation. Base your emends only on the facts given here. Representatives of the Auto Products Corporation of Indianapolis. Indiana, and Local 5000, United Metal Workers of America, are in the process of negotiating their collective bargaining contract. The negotiation covers the Indianapolis plant* Auto Products also owns a plant in Little Rock, Arkansas, but the southern plant is not organized and is not a part of the current negotiations. The current contract, which covers only the Indianapolis plant, was negotiated for a 3-year period. The time of the negotiation is the present, and, accordingly, the parties re conditioned by current economic trends, patterns to collective bargaining, and labor relations law. The Indianapolis plant has been in business for 60 years and has steadily expanded, At present, 1,409 production and maintenance employees are in the bargaining unit of the plan. The financial structure of the firm has been relatively good. Here are some financial data from the Indianapolis plant for the fiscal year preceding these negotiations: Net Sales $200,825,900 Material Costs Direct Labor Costs (includes fringe benefits, payroll taxes, and reflects layoffs in previous fiscal year) other variable costs Fixed costs Total Expenses Income Before Taxes 30, 175, COO Net Income After Taxes (Federal, State, County, Municipal) 14,200,000 In the past, the practice has been to distribute about AS percent of net profits in dividends and to hold 35 percent as retained earnings. Last year the company borrowed 56. 3 million from Hosier National Bank. The rate of interest on the loan was 6. 9 percent. The proceeds of the loans were used to expand the Little Rock plant. The loan is scheduled for liquidation in 10 years. The company manufactures a variety of auto accessories. These include auto heaters, oil pumps, fan belts, rear- IEEE mirrors, and piston rings, and in the last year the company has also started production of auto air conditioners, About 65 percent of its sales are to the basic auto companies (General Motors, Ford, Toyota and Honda), 25 percent to auto- repair facilities, and the rest to government agencies. The plant operates on a two-shift basis. A $. 25 per hour premium is paid to employees who work the second shift. The employees of the company were unionized in 1949. In August of that year, the union was victorious in an NELL election. As a result of the election, certification was awarded, on August 17, 1949, to Local 5000, since which mime Local SHOO represented the production and maintenance workers Of the company. The first collective bargaining agreement between the company and Local 5000 was signed on November 14, 1949. Only one contract strike has taken place since the union came into the picture. It occurred in 1959; the issues were the unions demands for a union shop, increased wages, and six paid holidays. The strike lasted 6 weeks. When it terminated, the union had obtained for its members a 5. 04 hourly wage increase (the union had demanded $. 07) retroactive to the day of the strike, and four paid holidays. The union failed in its attempt to obtain any arrangement requiring membership in the union as a condition of employment, Also, the current contract does not include a check off. At the time of these negotiations, all except 100 workers in the bargaining unit are in the union, The average hourly earnings tort the production workers in the Indianapolis plant are $15. 09. Tooth I ,409 bargaining unit employees, there are 1 skilled maintenance employees (electricians, plumbers, carpenters, mechanics, and tool and die makers), and their average hourly earnings are The existing contract contains an escalator (COLA) clause providing for the adjustment of wages in accordance with changes in the consumer price index. There is no cap on the amount of the increase. It provides for a $. 03 increase in wages for each 0. 4-point increase in the CAP The escalator arrangement is reviewed on a semiannual basis The current hourly rates include the increases generated from the escalator clause and the annual improvement factor _ During the term of the 3-year contract, workers received a $. 75 increase in wages including a $. 40 from the operation of the escalator clause and 5. 30 from the operation Of the annual improvement factor (a . 15 increase on the anniversary date of the contract in each of the past 2 years). The Little Rock plant was built 5 years ago. It started With a modest-sized labor force, but during the past 3 years the southern plant has expanded sharply. And it now employs about 1,500 production and maintenance workers. Efforts to organize the southern plant have so far been unsuccessful. The union lost an NELL election last year by 300 votes. Of the 1 employees, 1,300 cast ballots, with 800 voting against the union and 500 voting for it. The average wage in the Little Rock plant is $10. 80 per hour. Currently, 450 employees in the Indianapolis plant are on layoff. It is no secret that one reason for this has been the increase of output in the Little Rock plant. Another reason was the decrease in sales at the Indianapolis plant. In Little Rock, essentially the same products are made as in Indianapolis. Of the 450 on layoff, reduction in sales caused by the state to the automobile industry accounts for 300, and the remainder is attributable to the southern situation. There is talk in the plant that some laid-off employees will never be recalled to work. Of the 450 laid-off employees, AS have exhausted heir benefits under the Indiana unemployment Compensation Act. Animal Testing (586 words) EssaySupervisors have complained to the management that employees should be laid off without regard to seniority when the layoff is for a short period to time. The existing contract provides tort super seniority tort stewards and other union officials. This provision protects the stewards and union officials only from layoffs. There are 45 stewards in the plant. Last year, stewards spent, on average, about 10 hours each week on grievance work, for which they were paid by the company. There are no limitations on stewards tort grievance work. Supervisors have complained that some stewards are goofing off, using union business as a pretext not to work. All the stewards deny this. In fact, the stewards claim that it is the unreasonable attitude of supervisors that provokes grievances and complaints. Also, the stewards claim that there cannot be a true measure of their mime on the basis of the number of written grievances (a total of 450 grievances, including the production of standard complaints, were filed during the last 3 years), since a good share Of their time is spent discussing grievances With employees and supervisors before a written grievance is filed. There is no record to show how many Of these oral discussions ended problems Without written grievances being filed. Last year, because Of an unexpected order from the government, the plant worked Saturday and Sunday overtime for a period oft weekends. Under the existing contract, the company has the right to require overtime. About 200 employees did not want to work overtime but did so only because the company threatened to fire them if they refused. These 200 employees have been raising a lot of trouble in the union about this overtime affair. Also, the company has the right to select the employees to work overtime. Some employees have claimed that supervisors are not fair, giving their friends the opportunity to earn the extra money and discriminating against the older employees. For many years, by custom, each skilled draftsperson has worked only within his or her trade. Five months ago, the company required a mechanic to do a job normally performed y a plumber, The employee and union filed a grievance, and the case went all the way to arbitration. The arbitrator sustained the position of the union on the basis of the past practice principle. Some maintenance people have been affected by the current layoff, with 25 laid off. They charge that the company has been subcontracting out skilled work that could be done by them. Last year, for example, the company subcontracted out electrical work while three electricians were on layoff. The subcontract job lasted 6 days. Under the current contract, there is no restriction on the compass right to subcontract. The present contract, as stated, was negotiated for a 3-year period. Both sides have indicated that in the future they may want to move away from this long- term arrangement for a variety Of reasons. However, there is no assurance of whether this attitude indicates the parties sincere position or is merely an expression of a possible bargaining position. Technological change has been a problem in the company for several years. About 250 workers have been permanently separated because of it. Union and management meetings to deal with the problem during the past several years have proved fruitless, Previous concussions have centered on the rate of change, the problem of income for the displaced employees, and the training of employees for the jobs created by the new technology. All indications are that the next wave of automation will cost about 390 bargaining unit jobs. The 250 employees who have been permanently separated are in addition to the 450 employees who are currently on layoff because of the southern situation and the drop in sales. There has been considerable controversy over the problem of temporary transfers. Under the existing contract, the company many not transfer an employee to a job not in his or her job classification. There are also problems regarding other working rules. These now include a IS- minute rest period every 4 hours; a stipulation that no supervisor may perform bargaining unit work regardless of circumstances; paid lunch periods of minute duration; and paid Wash-up time for 10 minutes before quitting time. The company contends that these working rules are costing it a lot of money. Whenever this issue has been brought up in the past, the union has refused any change. Company records show that 60 percent Of the workers have seniority up o 10 years; 30 percent, been 10 and 20 years; and 10 percent, more than 20 years. About 20 percent Of the bargaining unit are women, and 15 percent are blacks. Some black employees have complained that they have not been given equal opportunity to get better jobs. Of the 175 skilled employees in the skilled trades, only eight are black. They have threatened to file complaints against both the company and the union under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and Taft. Hartley. They have retained an attorney for this purpose. Two final issues appear to be involved in the current bargaining. First, a number of employees have told the union leadership that it is high time that at least one union representative was offered a seat on the nine-person company board of directors. These workers, who are particularly vocal ones as it happens, feel that his matter deserves considerable priority. Second, the companys president tends to favor the imposition of a two-tier wage system, whereby all workers hired after the new labor agreement is signed would receive pay rates well below those of the current employees. He has publicly declared that two-tittering could well be the salvation of this company.

Comets Have Fascinated People For Millions Of Years, But Until 1994 No

Comets have fascinated people for millions of years, but until 1994 no one had ever had the chance to witness firsthand the destructive power of these wanderers. From July 16 to 22, fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 smashed into Jupiter, creating a series of fireballs in the giant planet's atmosphere. The string of explosions was awesome, yet the discovery that comets can wreak havoc would not have come as a surprise to our distant ancestors. People of widely different cultures have long regarded comets with fear and dread. The unheralded, unpredictable appearances of these ephemeral celestial visitors were believed to be omens of disaster for rulers, realms, and entire populations. Comets, it was thought, signaled or caused wars, revolutions, plagues, and other calamities. Haleys Comet made an appearance in 1066. Modern scientists may not believe in omens, but they have come to realize that comets, which are only mountain-sized bodies, are capable of causing worldwide disasters as terrible as any that were imagined of oldand paradoxically might also be responsible for our very existence.

Difference Between Back Pay Retroactive Benefits

Difference Between Back Pay Retroactive Benefits What is the Difference Between Back Pay and Retroactive Benefits? When you are approved for SSD benefits, you may be eligible for two separate forms of past due payments. But what are the differences between them? Let’s take a closer look.What is Back Pay? Back pay is benefits that are due to you from the time you applied for disability to the time you were approved for benefits.It’s important to keep in mind that there is a five-month waiting period. This means that the SSA will not provide back pay for the first five months after your application date. Therefore, if your claim was approved in five months after applying, you are not entitled to back pay.At most, you can only receive up to 12 months of back pay.What Are Retroactive Benefits?  In addition to backpay, you also may be entitled to retroactive benefits. These are benefits between the time you became disabled to the time you applied for benefits.To determine retroactive benefits, The SSA looks at your disability onset date, the date your disability began.In your applicati on, you choose an alleged onset date (AOD). Through reviewing your records, the SSA can approve your alleged disability onset date , which will then be called an established onset date (EOD). However, the SSA may not agree with your AOD and through medical evidence, prove a new EOD.The retroactive benefits are calculated from your established onset date to the date you filed for your application.Similar to backpay, there is a five-month waiting period and you can only receive a maximum of 12 months in retroactive benefits. Therefore, to receive a full year of retroactive benefits, your EOD must be 17 months before you filed your disability application.Have Questions? Our Experienced Social Security Disability Attorneys Can Help.  Applying for benefits can be overwhelming, and having a skilled attorney on your side can help improve your chances of being approved.Have questions? Call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation at 800-701- 5524. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve. back pay, Michigan disability lawyer, retroactive benefits, social security disability benefits help

Price drop of crude oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price drop of crude oil - Essay Example In addition, several deals that America has made with war-torn oil-producing countries. The art article addresses the factors mentioned above. The quantity of crude futures declined in the recent past on concerns that the global oversupply is hurriedly filling oil stocks. Total petroleum output in the year 2015 is expected to go up to 9.35 million barrels every day. The quantity is slightly more than the 9.3 million barrels daily forecast in the previous period, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) highlighted last week in its monthly short-term energy outlook. Independently, oil stocks went up more than anticipated marking the several consecutive week of a higher overall than at any other time for the last 80 years and more. The American commercial crude oil stocks rose by approximately 4.5 million barrels from the previous week; the EIA said Wednesday. Another reason weighing on oil price is the OPEC policies on the export of crude oil to the global market. As a result, the American oil output could be adversely affected in the recent years due to low oil prices offered by the OPEC countries. In addition, OPEC also outlines that the lower global oil prices may have affected the marginal barrel output from other sources, such as shale. The OPEC is a significant body in the oil industry. Therefore, its decisions and marketing affects trade in crude oil because it controls a large percentage of the world’s fuel production. As such, any decision that they make directly affects the market prices of the commodity (Why the oil price is falling , 2014). In this case, the petroleum trading block may take actions targeting their competitors in order to establish gain control of a larger market. Such activities may include flooding the market with the commodity leading to market forces coming into play and hence price decline.

Is nothing private Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is nothing private - Case Study Example Monique Masters that her quest is honorable aimed at offering more good than bad. The main ethical issue in the case is primarily the privacy and confidentiality of all persons who holds driver’s license. The case is characterized by a number of relevant details. To start with, FatAway’s president, Monique Masters presents her need to advertise for a newly developed product line. The products to be advertised are deemed safe, reliable and effective. The advertising undertakings are referred to an advertising agency that is supposed to gather specific and relevant information for the advertisement, design the advertisement and further market the entire campaign. The information required is available, but not specifically gathered for advertisement and marketing purposes. Another relevant detail that pertains to this case is the procedure to use in getting the required information. The advert needs to identify the ten fattest people in each state. This information is dependent on getting access to all persons who hold driving licenses. Once this is done, their height and weight is to be matched and the grossly fat persons identified for the advertisement pursuit. The identified persons will be asked to consent to the move, with those who get into a weight loss program getting paid for every pound of weight lost. The other detail is that of getting access to the required information. The privacy and confidentiality of the information held by drivers’ registries seems to be jeopardized. This is regard to the alternatives available in getting access to this information. Subscriptions are allowed and even in some cases secretaries of state provide this information at a cost. Business and professional conduct is therefore central to the dealings between Monique, the Advertising Agency and the Executive account Manager. The case details therefore revolve around the FatAway Inc., the advertising agency and its

Crime: Free Will or Poor Choice?

Crime: Free Will or Poor Choice? Crime: Free Will or Poor Choice Abstract This is a social phenomenon, known as crime. Crime is known as a deviant behavior that violates existing norms, in particular, cultural standards showing how we humans should behave regarding shifting social, political, psychological, and economic conditions that have an effect on the rationalization of crime and the structural responses of the legal community, law enforcement, and correctional justifications made by Federal and State officials. The perspective theory for this is called the rational choice and deterrence perspective theory. Research has shown that there are various choices of theories that try to determine this type of deviance behavior known as crime. With all the current research information that is out there to review with their perspective responses, it still comes down to making that choice. This social problem sounds simple? Many individuals really dont know what the word crime is, there are also numerous individual who think they know what crime is and can do. However, it is one word that is hard to characterize in the English language. There were frequent debates to construct a precise classification. Will it be called an unsociable act that refuse to follow the guideline of behavior made in part by the community or have various oversights in which authorized retribution will be inflicted on that individual who has committed this act? The perspective for any of these definitions is that they relate similarly to things which society would agree is crimes. One aspect that tends to cause difficulties is the matter is that nearly every one of us thinks of crime as being the similar to evil. But this is not completely precise. There are many actions that many of us would look upon as appalling or maybe even corrupt and those would not be prohibited by law, and therefore are not called crimes. While some maybe be technically crimes, they are broken every day by good citizens, because the law does not fit the acknowledged principle of behavior. The result is that the average individual breaks the law sooner or later without evening knowing it, much less being aware of it. This is for the most part true in the older states, where ancient laws remain on the statute books for whatever reason. Crime in numerous countries is seen as an action committed in defiance of law for which that country justice system will implement a variety of punishments which will include incarceration, death, a penalty, or removal from office. These criminal activities tend to drift often in and out of the justice system and legal community, their effective shaped by public belief, tradition, or spiritual ideology. If possible, the crime should fit the punishment. However, Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers there are criminal offenses that could be described as harmful, but will not create a severe punishment as others.Crimes are put into two groups. They are called felonies and the other is called misdemeanors and some called violations. Here we must be careful of identifiable difficulties. The reason is that crimes in many states are worded differently. What may be felonies in one state may be a misdemeanors and visa versa. Many times the same offense carries both felony and misdemeanor charges. All of a sudden this seemingly simple question becomes difficult and that caution should be use in using any statements to the fact that crime is increasing or decreasing and that there is no really accurate guide to predict criminal behavior. Crime is often described as an act or commission of a criminal act that is unlawful or forbidden by public law written in statutes and held that those offenders are liable for their actions by punishment prescribed by law. These laws were put into policy to defend and make certain that we will be safe in our society and public lives. However, we still hear of crime happening within our city and state. The safety of the public becomes a concern when crime is committed since particular individuals or groups will be targeted. Although such confrontation should be avoided, many times it cannot. Consequently, public attitude and the criminals socioeconomic status will manipulate the severity of any punishment, just as society varying social attitudes influence the type of criminal activities. Durkheim (1895/1962) argued that crime is an essential characteristic of our social culture and a normal social occurrence that had been in all societies all through our history and that crimes function in the social order as a conduit of defining the confines of tolerable actions, serving as a means for social change by extending and testing those restrictions. Crime: Free Will or Poor Choice When crime is committed again by a criminal, crime rates become affected by socioeconomic and demographic changes such as age, ethnicity, and migration. Economic conditions reflected by joblessness rates, prison and jail capacities, and present law enforcement policies. For the past two decades our society has focus on the norms of the societal order of committing individuals with no understanding what so ever, the realism of life behind bars and the consequences when correctional facilities are not successful in helping those who are incarcerated in prison and for the affected communities that live every day with the consequences. Individuals change and behavior becomes complex when the offender leaves prison and when specific circumstances, like community rejection will reinforce criminogenic needs and behavior leading to criminal activities and eventually crime. More specific, there were some issues regarding the effect of imprisonment on criminals who commit crime again when release (Song Lieb, 1993). This type of social misbehaving is referred to as recidivism. These offenders, who have the likelihood to reoffend and commit crime again when released to the community, generate an important focus to those concerned with public safety in dealing with the cost effectiveness of putting convicted offenders in prison. Recidivism, in a criminal justice perspective, can be defined as the reversion of an individual back to criminal behavior after he or she has been convicted of a prior offense, sentenced, and presumably corrected. Contrary to deterrence theory, offenders who were incarcerated were significantly more likely than those who were put on probation to be arrested and charged with a new offense. The many predictors include cognitive functioning, socioeconomic status and distress factors with any known history of antisocial behavior, social achievement and cultural involvement. Its a combination of factors concerning the consequence of failures, failure of the individual to meet societys expectations and of society to provide for the individual, to a failure of the individual to stay out of trouble, a failure of the individual to be arrest free and disappointment of that individual as an inmate of a correctional institution to take advantage of correctional programs or failure of the institution to provide programs that rehabilitate and perhaps the biggest disappointment continuing in a criminal career after release. One belief is that criminal behavior is a product of cognitive, emotional, and mental deficiency has generated frequent models of offender treatment in the past few decades. In addition, the consequence of imprisonment did not influence the offenders situation concerning conformity. Regardless of the fact if they had weak or strong bonds to our society, drug and those offenders involved with drugs who were incarcerated recidivated more frequently and more rapidly than other types of offenders. Instead of aiding as an effective deterrent for offenders with stronger bonds to society, incarceration may have altered high profile offenders into low profile offenders with little to lose regarding any new arrest. Crime has become a major area of public and political debate, and is often seen as a sign of underlying problems in society related to inequality, social deprivation and social class, age, gender and race. As commonly understood, crime includes many different kinds of activities such as theft, robbery, corruption, assault, fraud, rape and murder. So the simplest way of defining it is to see it as an act or omission prohibited and punished by law. To explain crime, sociologists looked at the strains in the social structure, at the development of deviant or abnormal subcultures and at the process of social change and urban growth. For the past two decades our society has focus on the norms of the societal order of committing individuals with no understanding what so ever, the realism of life behind bars and the consequences when correctional facilities are not successful in helping those who are incarcerated in prison and for the affected communities that live every day with the consequences. This dependence continue to strain the correctional systems of the valuable limited resources of which some could be used to try and focus on rehabilitate, while working together to use treatment first, than use punish and incarceration if not successful (Travis, Solomon Waul, 2001). Another important issue legislators must remember is that correctional facilities administrators need increased resources and funding to sustain the safe operations of prisons and when offenders become eligibility for parole, treatment service to prepare them for release and to stop recidivism or that individual return to crime. Although improving overall financial support will not promise improved treatment programs and service operations, any fundamental reforms must be attempted, other wise it will never be implemented or even tried. For a number of offenders, incarceration and longer detention increase the likelihood of recidivism, while for other offenders recidivism statistics will not make a difference by more incarceration. It is probable that for some offenders, maximizing the length of sentence could minimize recidivism. However, other characteristics such as age, offense type, prior offense, and prior prison term involvement can influence the likelihood to re offend (Wheel er, 1961). Obviously, one has to ask the question what works to reduce recidivism; again, it all depends on where and how one reviews data that is available. Some answers could be found looking at the general and specific data provided regarding correctional treatment. Although major advances have been made in our understanding of offender treatment and evidence for its effectiveness exists, many critics still remain apprehensive regarding efforts to intervene in the lives of offenders. Furthermore, some doubts have developed in the offering of offender treatment, notably cognitive skill training and raise research questions about the client group, the mode of delivery, and the accuracy of the measure. Rational Choice The capability to implement individual self-control is an appropriate aspect in crime causation in situations where an individual considers and deliberates whether or not to participate in committing crime. The majority of citizens in nearly all circumstances, whether or not they participate in acts of crime is not a question of their capability to implement self-control but rather an issue of their moral principles. One individual trait, known as low self-control may be the primary individual characteristic influencing criminal behavior (Gottfredson Hirschi 1990). Low self-control is seen as a summary foundation of individual traits including impulsivity; insensitivity, risk-taking and shortsightedness have an inclination to appear together in the people that are persisting through life. Any individual difference in crime involvement varies in the extent to which individuals are vulnerable to the temptations during that moment. With the rational choice theory the focus of interest starts with the individual, either his or her interest becomes an initial point to look at. Research has shown that various supporters of the rational choice theory may possibly make to some extent, different assumptions concerning the individual and progress into different ways. It starts from the individual then on to larger social groupings and systems, but each begins with the individual as the basic component of this theory. However, it is the individuals who eventually make decision and be concerned completely with his or her own welfare. This direction possibly will be conflicting to those who accept the particular views of Durkheim (1895/1962), concerning social facts as being at the societal level, and in some ways determining individual action through norms and general consciousness. These individuals with are considered to be more susceptible to temptations because they do not consider the negative consequences of their acts (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990: 95) and consequently are more probable to engage criminal activities. Statutes, codes and s aws are a set of laws, and crimes which violate the law are acts of rule infringement. WikstrA m (2006a) argued that a theory of crime causation may be viewed as a special case of a more general theory of moral rule breaking. Does it matter on whether the action is rational or not. We cannot assume that actions taken by others are irrational while we disagree with them. It may be that this individual taking that course of action believes it is rational. With these intention, rational choice models becomes important since they center on deliberate option between alternatives, in this example, go on with the required treatment program or deviate and risk oneself to commit recidivism then become incarcerated for that deed. Research have constantly revealed that the threat of arrest, rather than harshness of punishment is the most important deterrent and that statistics continue to illustrate a steady increase in documented crime, and many programs that focus on rehabilitation have been unsuccessful in preventing recidivism. On the justification of perceptions, an individual will plan to make a choice, either out of habit or after some deliberation, make a judgment on what to do. When an individual acts out of habit, he/she sees only one effective alternative for action and automatically without deliberation chooses this alternative. When an individual deliberates, he/she considers the moral implications of competing action alternatives and on this basis, makes a rational choice about which action if any to pursue. Familiar settings and circumstances tend to favor automatic choices based upon habit whereas unfamiliar settings or circumstances will tend to favor deliberate choices based on decisions. Because habits have only automated intent with one effective alternative, free will, rational choice, self-control and deterrence will be part of the process of choice, only if an individual deliberates over his/her action alternatives and specifically on the role of deterrence (WikstrA m, 2006 b). Crucially, when making judgment decision, individuals will vary in their ability to exercise self-control as a result of their capabilities. Consequently, the use of Rational Choice Theory must be clearly defined as a prevention and deterrent toward crime rather than punishment. The inquiry now becomes what causes in this sort of behavior. The criminal justice policies tracked throughout the past three decades depended principally on the doctrine of known deterrence theory. Gottfredson Hirschi (1990) hypothesize that each of these perspectives: irresponsible and criminal behavior may be linked by a simple common characteristic: the lack of self control. They disclose that the lack of self-control does not necessitate crime to exist and that self-control can be modified by opportunities and other restrictions (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Various tests of Gottfredson and Hirschis theory sustain their calculation relating to self-control and crime, although some conclude that the theory does not illustrate sufficient variation in the affect criminal behavior. Although the absence of self-control do not call for the presence of crime, what is propose instead is the trait of self-control can be changed through a number variables. Deterrence Theory Deterrence theory suggests that crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity. Individuals commit crimes, in other words, when the benefits outweigh the costs. Because an important cost of crime is apprehension and punishment, deterrence theorists suggest that persons will refrain from committing offenses if they perceive that they are certain to be punished, with a severe penalty and soon after the offense has been committed (Spohn, 2007). There are relatively few studies that compare recidivism rates for offenders sentenced to jail or prison with those of offenders given some alternative to incarceration typically probation. Smith and Akers (1993) compared recidivism rates for offenders in a prison diversion program to those for a matched sample of prisoners. They found that the recidivism rates of the two groups were essentially the same, regardless of whether recidivism was defined as a new arrest, a new conviction, a new sentence to jail or prison, or the length of time waiting for rearrest. Durkheim (1895/1962) explains that a weakening in the social structure will change behavior and attitudes, which might cause a person to venture into crime by making bad choices. As a result offenders become younger and involved with different crimes with many involved in major crime. If the problem is with the individual, then the treatment process should begin to modify that persons behavior.   If, however, the cause is with the social structure environment, then that structure should be required to change. If it is a social cause, then perhaps the media has influence on how an individual response by putting emphasis on unrealistic goals (Barkan, 2001). Researchers will always theorize that individuals will use rational judgment and consequently hope that their actions will in turn become a positive process. The central points of this theory is that the human being is a rational actor, rationality involves an end to means calculation, and people freely choose all behavior, both conforming and deviant, based on their rational calculations. The central element of calculation involves a cost benefit analysis: Pleasure versus Pain. Choice, with all other conditions equal, will be directed towards the maximization of individual pleasure. Alternatives restricted in the course of any awareness and understanding of probable retribution will follow an action determined to be in infringement of the social good. The state is responsible for maintaining order and preserving the common good through a system of laws that is the embodiment of the social contract and the quickness and assurance of punishment are the key elements in understanding the ability to control human behavior. There are some researches on deterrence that seems to signify that some crimes are designed to generate economic gains and that certain predatory street crime, correlate strategies for any reduction of criminal or deviant behaviors and activities. Nonetheless, when relating known criminal and deviant actions, crimes of hostility and subculture connect with durable forms of deviance and then the evidence becomes less persuasive. The deterrence theory has several components to try and convince criminals to alter their behavior. In the case of General Deterrence, individuals will participate in criminal actions despite the consequences, whether or not they fear apprehension or not. Our norms, statutes and laws, along with the appropriate enforcement try to enforce the perspective that anti-social and negative behavior will receive punishment. As a result this theory focuses on reducing the prospect of deviance in the general public. With Specific Deterrence, it focus on known individuals who deviate, then tries to keep them from repeating that specific norms or law that have been broken. The problem is what the rationales of this behavior were. However, the use of punishment as a sanction raises the hope that this behavior can be modified. In the majority of modern societies, punishment includes incarceration of that individual. There is information showing that committing crime again among convicted offenders when release from prison can climb as high as 63% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1989). Even when using prison as a deterrence and punishment, it may not alter any future behavior. At the most, it reduces the chances for that individual to engage in other crime. Routine Activity Theory In the field of criminology, Routine activity theory is characterized as a sub theory that was developed Marcus Felson. This perspective states that crime is considered normal and depends on the opportunities that present at the time. If the target of opportunity is present and not protected, crime can take place, if the incentive has value. The basic principle of this theory is that it does not take a criminal to commit it; all it needs is an opportunity. Many crimes are petty theft and may also be called victimless crimes and are unreported to proper authorized personnel. Routine Activity Theory can also be called environmental criminology that was developed by two criminologists, Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson who worked on a crime prevention theory. Their research states that for a crime to happen there must be certain elements present before any crime is committed. Their model used the problem analysis triangle which focuses on three things that should be present and happens at the same time and place. There must a suitable target of opportunity available, there is no protection to prevent crime from taking place and the offender is motivated to commit deviant behavior. This model looks at crime in the offenders outlook. That individual will commit the crime if that target is appropriate and a capable protector is not present. It is the evaluation of circumstances that dictates whether a crime will happen. Another hypothesis is called the Crime Prevention Theory, was introduced by Clarke (1995, 1997), focuses on reducing available favorable crime opportunities and instead, focus on certain characteristics of criminals. Like the Rational choice theory it proposes to increase the related risks and difficulties, and reduce the rewards. It states that crime is often committed through an attractive opportunity. If thats individuals everyday routines expose that person to a stimulus for any specified time frame, the more of that consequence will be linked to that individual. Patterns in criminal activity are reflected through a concentration of opportunities for crime areas. Clarke (1995, 1997) combines the Crime Prevention Theory to Rational Choice Theory through his recommended assortment of opportunity reduction procedures. Its objective and goal was to increase the physical effort needed to execute a crime, increase the expected consequences of capture and diminish any anticipated profits of a crime and displace the excuses for conformity with the authorities (Clarke, 1997). When reviewing research data regarding the routine activity theory, the risk embraces three fundamental variables: the degree of exposure from the intended victim to the offending criminal, any environmental obstacle that will diminish the prospect for crime, and deterrent traits of the intended victim. Research has shown that Routine activity theory is frequently in studies of regarding victimization, where demographic variables vary. Brunet (2002) discuss more current research to merge and use an theoretical integration with other theories like rational choice (Clarke Felson 1993), situational crime prevention (Clark 1997) and social disorganization (Miethe Meier 1994) in developing a better explanation. Crime is not pretty. It is routine and takes place all the time. Another peerspective is that crime is somewhat unaltered by social problems. Cohen Felson (1979) endorsed and supported the assumption that because the wealth of modern society offers vast and favorable circumstances of opportunities to commit crime, the temptation is often irresistible to control. Summary The consequence of crime may possibly be traced to social and economic tribulations. Many individuals are jobless, still more are unable to fine work, and many are homeless, ill and indigent. For many of these individuals, crime becomes a tempting and quick way to acquire money. When left with these choices, many will turn to criminal activities and behavior. If these behaviors are left unpunished, the misconception is that crime pays, reinforcing criminal behavior and discouraging good behavior. How do we eradicate crime, there are numerous proposal put forward. But with greed, inadequate oversight of laws, poverty and homelessness, with poverty, drugs and racial disarray the task in can be overwhelming. Consequently, numerous of the uneducated currently find themselves without a job, existing in sub-standard accommodation in impoverished surroundings. The result is that now money becomes insufficient to support them, influencing these individuals to engage in criminal activities and end up committing crimes. Conclusion The boundary of crime in any community develops into various structures, which often influence offenders. Research has shown that crime rates are affected by socioeconomic and demographic changes such as age, ethnicity, and migration. Economic conditions reflected by various policies. Various definition of deviant behavior sees crime that violates established norms, in particular, cultural standards of principles dictating how humans should behave. This approach considers the multifaceted realities surrounding the totality and concept of crime to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions affect the definitions of crime and the response of legal, law enforcement, and correctional actions taken by the State. As culture changes and the political environment shifts, behaviors may be criminalized or decriminalized influence by the general public. Reference: Brunet, J (2002).Discouragement of crime: An application of a reformulated routine activities theory. Western Criminology Review. Clarke, R (Ed.). (1979). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Second Edition. New York: Harrow and Heston. Clarke, R. V. M.Felson (Eds)(1993). Routine Activity Theory and Rational Choice Theory. Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol 5. Cohen, L, Felson, M (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A Routine Activity path. American Sociological Review. 44, 588-608. Barkan, S. E. (2001). Criminology: A sociological understanding. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0130896438. Durkheim, Emile. (1895/1962). The Rules of Sociological Method. New York: Free Press. Gottfredson, Michael and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press. Hepburn, John R. (2005). Recidivism amid drug offenders after contact to treatment. Criminal Justice Review. 16, 237-259. Spohn, Casssia. (2007). The Deterrent Effect. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 18, 31-50. Song, L. Lieb, R. (1993). Recidivism: The effects of incarceration. Retrieved August 10, 2007 from http://www.wsipp,wa.agov/rptfiles.IncarcRecid.pdf Miethe, T, Meier, R (1994). Toward an integrated theory of offenders, victims, and situations. State University of New York Press. Travis, J., Solomon, A.J., and Waul, M. 2001. From Prison to Home: The Measurements and Results for Prisoner Return and Reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. NCJ 190429. Retrieved September 7, 2007 from http://www.reentry.gov/publications/reentry.html Wheeler, S. (1961). Socialization in Correctional Communities. American Sociological Review. 26: pp. 697-712.

English Coursework †Othello Essay

How does Shakespeare conclude the dramatic performance of Othello in order to address the questions of blame and justice in the tragedy? Introduction Shakespeare’s play Othello, which was first performed in the early 17th century, depicts sexism, racism and status efficiently, as the play continues these forms of inequality change as a result of the chaos in ‘Order-Chaos-Order’; the structure which Shakespeare used in this play to convey the change that occurs between each order. The consequence of the chaos leads to the modification of the relative status of the characters and causes an effect upon the way blame and justice are applied to the individuals. One of the main characters of the play is Othello; his importance in the play is that he is a general of the powerful city Venice â€Å"The Duke does greet you, General†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 59. The introduction of him puts an impact on his reputation because it begins with racist comments, told by three characters: Iago â€Å"his Moorship’s Ancient.† I.1 page 53, Brabantio â€Å"It is too true and evil†¦with the Moor† I.1 page 57 and Roderigo â€Å"†¦full fortune does the thick-lips owe† I.1 page 53. Though his reputation gets affected by these comments, his status shows him as a person worth respect. His true characteristics, that were described later on, interacted with his introduction â€Å"†¦my perfect soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 65, another showed that he was a truthful and non-civilised character â€Å"Rude am I in my speech†¦blessed with the soft praise of peace† I.3 page 65, this goes against the elements that are needed for a person to be a general. Audience could understand that Othello is not really someone who can control, but someone who can be controlled because of these characteristics, which may lead to the tragedy. Iago does not have much of importance at the beginning because he is known to be the ensign of the army; despite this his role in the overall play makes him an important character. He was the only character who knew about everything that was going on amongst the other characters; this gave him the opportunity to control them. Also interpreted the appearance of the roman god Janus â€Å"By Janus, I think no† I.2 page 59, the key to begin the tragedy. His true identity is disguised therefore the trust of other characters are gained â€Å"†¦Honest Iago† II.3 page 99. Iago takes advantage of Othello’s true character and is able to control him by confusing him â€Å"What dost thou mean?† III.3 page 110, this influences the change in Othello’s character turning against the people he once loved and trusting Iago who does not deserve it. Desdemona does not generally have importance in the play but her appearance and characteristics relate to the tragedy and links with the actions and motives of Othello â€Å"I’ll not expostulate with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139 and Iago â€Å"Now, I do love her too; not out of absolute lust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  II.1 page 87. Her status began with her father Brabantio, who was a rich representative in Venice. As black men were generally considered of a low status in the 17th century, racism was not thought to be a problem; if a woman was to marry a black man then it would lower her status. The same way when Desdemona married Othello she was no more under the shadow of her father she became low in status â€Å"†¦ here’s my husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.3 page 69. The mention of this made Brabantio say a curse to Othello which does put an effect to lead towards tragedy â€Å"†¦She has deceived her father, and may thee†I.3 page 72. By Iago using his ability to control he diverts Othello’s thought about Desdemona, he does this by creating a false story about an affair between Cassio and her, this lead to Othello thinking about killing Desdemona â€Å"Get me some poison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, Iago was able to convince him of killing her in a different way â€Å"†¦strangle her in her bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, this will affect Othello’s title and his personality. Iago was always against women, known to be a misogynist â€Å"It is a creature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 135. While altering Othello’s thoughts he had made him think almost in the same way is well, this brings sexism in the play â€Å"She says enough; yet she’s a simple bawd†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.2 page 144 (all of Othello’s speech). The same as racism, sexism was not considered as a problem during the 17th century. Sexism is mentioned towards the end of Act IV, because it is the last step to begin the tragedy. Act V starts off with a small battle between Cassio, who was the lieutenant of Venice and Roderigo, who was not accepted as a lover by Desdemona. Roderigo had died after being betrayed by Iago ‘he stabs Roderigo’ V.1 page 160 and mentioned his true character in front of everyone else who was present â€Å"O damned Iago! O inhuman dog!† V.1 page 160, as Iago cunningly speeded up the scene the last words of Roderigo was left unnoticed â€Å"How silent is this town! Ho, murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 160, the tragedy has just begun, if Iago was to be unmasked at this stage the play would end sooner than it should. To continue on for a while longer this action of Iago was established. Bianca was known to be a sexual partner of Cassio, sexism becomes worse at the end of Act V Scene 1; not only did Iago blame her for Cassio’s injuries â€Å"†¦the fruit of whoring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 163 but Emilia did is well â€Å"O, fie upon thee strumpet!† V.1 page 163. Othello turns back to his normal character during the beginning of scene 2, this is shown by his words making sense, also describing how his motive has changed, he will only kill her to purify her soul, â€Å"†¦Justice to break her sword†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 164. By this, we know that Othello is not completely under the control of Iago, this decision was his own decision. Once the conversation between Desdemona and him occurs he shows signs of epilepsy â€Å"why gnaw you so your nether lip?† V.2 page 165. When he committed the crime he was not thinking straight, he killed her in a very non-masculine way ‘He smothers her’ V.2 page 168, not being able to see or touch her shows that he needed to do it rather than wanting to do it. Using this method does not tend to kill the victim but may make them unconscious, men tend to kill very violently and make sure that their victim is dead, Othello was not able to succeed in either way therefore he lost his masculinity â€Å"Nobody- I myself – farewell.† V.2 page 170 Desdemona killed herself. The tragedy has reached its centre; Iago is now brought to justice. The only character who was able to unmask Iago successfully was his own wife Emilia. She understood how her husband had lied about Cassio and Desdemona, which lead to her death. â€Å"You told a lie, an odious damnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d lie† V.2 page 172. Despite all effort on calming Emilia down, Iago failed and Othello realised who the real culprit was â€Å"Zounds, hold your peace† V.2 page 174. Iago’s identity is unravelled in front of everyone and he escapes with committing a surprise attack on his wife Emilia ‘Iago stabs Emilia from behind’ V.2 page 175, this describes him as an inhuman person who gives no mercy, whereas Othello let his wife say her last words before she died â€Å"†¦thou be’st a devil†¦I bleed, sir, but not killed† V.2 page 177. Now that Iago has finally been unmasked he was claimed that he would not mention why he did this to anyone, loosing hi s power of speech which he had, to control everyone â€Å"†¦I will never speak a word† V.2 page 178. Shakespeare’s last form of structure (order) had to happen. Othello’s job has been taken away â€Å"†¦Your power and command is taken off†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179, the last of what he had, it was taken away because of the murder which he had committed â€Å"†¦damned slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179. Before he dies he mentions what he wants people to think of him â€Å"one that loved too wisely†¦Indian threw a pearl away† V.2 page 179. Othello had lost his body because of Iago controlling it, his title which he just lost and his perfect soul because he just killed an innocent person whom he loved, making Othello into nothing therefore he deserved to die. Conclusion Three main characters were shown and how they were different compared to each other in the play. How the chaos can change their status was also mentioned. Racism, Sexism and Status have been mentioned to show how the story gradually leads to the tragedy. During the chaos the features of each character is affected, causing both Othello and Desdemona to lose their existence and Iago to lose his power of speech, leading him towards justice. Towards the end of the play Othello did not have the same high status as he had when he was at the beginning because he had lost everything he had; this means that he is the one who is to blame for the tragedy. â€Å"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly† I.2 page 59. Lodovico is known to be the most important because he is the last character to speak towards the end of the play; he was the only character who was not affected by Iago at all.

Organizations Essay

An organization can be defined as a group of persons or individuals that unite to perform a common task. Each individual within an organization usually has a relatively well-defined job description, so that the group is â€Å"organized† in a way that will ensure that all tasks necessary for the completion of the goal will be covered. Organizational behavior involves applying the behavioral theory of how persons act within groups to the practice of working within organizations. It is the practical application of research done in such disciplines as psychology. The approach taken in organizational behavior is known as â€Å"systems† through which relationships are probed and defined according to the level of organization and the types of individuals that make them up. The human side of organization is directly related to organizational behavior, as it acknowledges the factors such as personality and behavior that may cause different types of managerial strategies to be employed. The personality of the manager may cause him or her to display a certain type of leadership style, while the personalities of employees may make it necessary for the manager to display a different style. Because an organization is made up of humans, it is practically impossible to separate it from the behaviors that are common to humans. Work is an important part of human life. Because people spend so much energy preparing and educating themselves for the jobs they perform, work tends to define the individual. Also, a large portion of any person’s day is spent doing the work from which they derive monetary and other resources. Therefore, work is more than just a means of earning money. It is also a method of channeling one’s creativity and can be the area in which one offers a unique gift to mankind. I, for example, take inventory for a copier company and I enjoy it because it allows the staff of the company to remain organized. My job is also necessary as it allows the managers and owners to have tangible evidence of the company’s health by gauging the speed at which the stock leaves the shelves and goes into the hands of consumers. Finally, it is a fulfilling job because I am able to make sure that customers are satisfied when all the goods they need are there on the shelves. Reference http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadob.html

Reflection - 1806 Words

Introduction Dr. Stephen T. Russell is the Priscilla Pond Flawn Regends Professor in Child Development in the University of Texas at Austin’s Department of Human Development and Family Sciences. Among Russell’s other credentials, he is an expert on LGBTQ youth with a concentration in their health and rights (personal communication, September 22, 2017). He presented at the University of Virginia Curry School of Education on his research pertaining to LGBTQ youth health and resilience on September 22, 2017. This talk was sponsored by Youth-Nex, which is a center at the Curry School of Education that works to promote effective youth development (â€Å"About Youth-Nex,† 2017), and the University of Virginia Department of Women, Gender, and†¦show more content†¦Many scholars have researched the unique challenges that LGBTQ people face that their peers belonging to the sexual majority do not, including maintaining self-esteem and coping with being different, e stablishing same-sex romantic relationships, deciding whether to come out to family and friends, and facing harassment, violence, and discrimination (Sanlo, 2004). Sanlo cites other negative experiences that can stem from being a member of the sexual minority, such as low self-esteem, feelings of alienation, invisibility, anxiety, violence, substance abuse, self-destructive behaviors including high-risk sexual activity, and suicide. Nadal et al. (2011) researched microaggressions toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and found similar results related to the health of LGBTQ individuals in finding that microaggressions negatively impact mental health. Again, because adolescence is such a major developmental period where individuals develop their personalities and self-esteem, LGBTQ youth are especially susceptible to the negative health effects. Nadal and colleagues cite other researchers that found LGBTQ youth experience higher rates of emotional distress, higher numbers of suicide attempts, risky sexual behavior, and substance abuse. They go on to reference two national reports that express these negative effects may stem from bullying, feelings of isolation, lack of safety, lack of resources, and lackShow MoreRelatedReflection1650 Words   |  7 PagesIan-Bradley Tancred This essay analyses and describes what reflection is and how it supports your personal and professional learning. 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